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Levelized costs of the energy chains of new energy vehicles targeted at carbon neutrality in China

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 392-408 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0212-6

摘要： The diffusion of new energy vehicles (NEVs), such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), is critical to the transportation sector’s deep decarbonization. The cost of energy chains is an important factor in the diffusion of NEVs. Although researchers have addressed the technological learning effect of NEVs and the life cycle emissions associated with the diffusion of NEVs, little work has been conducted to analyze the life cycle costs of different energy chains associated with different NEVs in consideration of technological learning potential. Thus, relevant information on investment remains insufficient to promote the deployment of NEVs. This study proposes a systematic framework that includes various (competing or coordinated) energy chains of NEVs formed with different technologies of power generation and transmission, hydrogen production and transportation, power-to-liquid fuel, and fuel transportation. The levelized costs of three typical carbon-neutral energy chains are investigated using the life cycle cost model and considering the technological learning effect. Results show that the current well-to-pump levelized costs of the energy chains in China for BEVs, FCVs, and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) are approximately 3.60, 4.31, and 2.21 yuan/GJ, respectively, and the well-to-wheel levelized costs are 4.50, 6.15, and 7.51 yuan/GJ, respectively. These costs primarily include raw material costs, and they vary greatly for BEVs and FCVs from resource and consumer costs. In consideration of the technological learning effect, the energy chains’ well-to-wheel levelized costs are expected to decrease by 24.82% for BEVs, 27.12% for FCVs, and 19.25% for ICEVs by 2060. This work also summarizes policy recommendations on developing energy chains to promote the diffusion of NEVs in China.

关键词： energy chain new energy vehicle internal combustion engine vehicle life cycle cost technological learning

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Research on the theory and application of adsorbed natural gas used in new energy vehicles: A review

Zhengwei NIE,Yuyi LIN,Xiaoyi JIN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第3期页码 258-274 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0381-2

摘要：

Natural gas, whose primary constituent is methane, has been considered a convincing alternative for the growth of the energy supply worldwide. Adsorbed natural gas (ANG), the most promising methane storage method, has been an active field of study in the past two decades. ANG constitutes a safe and low-cost way to store methane for natural gas vehicles at an acceptable energy density while working at substantially low pressures (3.5–4.0 MPa), allowing for conformable store tank. This work serves to review the state-of-the-art development reported in the scientific literature on adsorbents, adsorption theories, ANG conformable tanks, and related technologies on ANG vehicles. Patent literature has also been searched and discussed. The review aims at illustrating both achievements and problems of the ANG technologies-based vehicles, as well as forecasting the development trends and critical issues to be resolved of these technologies.

关键词： adsorbed natural gas (ANG) adsorbent adsorption theory conformable tank natural gas vehicles (NGVs)

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Formation of free-charging industry alliance for new energy vehicles

Zhengdong YANG, Feng JIN, Shiyu DU, Jingwen LI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第2期页码 268-275 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018058

摘要： At present, the further development of new energy vehicles industry is hindered by limited consumer’s participation or capital investment. Therefore, a new multilateral model of cross-industry alliance needs to arise. The advanced charging technology of Internet-distributed mobile energy can link up with many market participants closely and form an effective and multilateral win-win cross-industry alliance. This new industry alliance can realize unexpected multiple goals, for example, (1) consumers who have purchased new energy vehicles can avail free charging; (2) potential vehicle buyers can be encouraged to use new energy vehicles; (3) the new energy vehicle manufacturers can expand their production scale; (4) the new energy vehicles sellers (4S shop) can expand their sales volume; (5) large shopping malls can attain more income; (6) financial institutions can absorb more deposits; (7) governments can further promote low-carbon traffic. This article analyzes the cross-industry alliance and its forming mechanism.

关键词： industry alliance mobile energy new energy vehicles free charging low carbon

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创新思维下的新能源汽车发展理念

陈清泉,郑彬

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第3期页码 70-75 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.03.017

摘要：

新能源汽车为我国汽车产业转型升级，实现高质量发展提供了重要机遇。本文从发展新能源汽车应秉持的创新思维出发，分析了创新所需的理念、人才、氛围三大要素以及前瞻思维、差异思维、全局思维、循环思维的思维方法。提出了新能源汽车的创新驱动，政策驱动和市场驱动，好的产品、基础设施与商业模式，四网融合与四流融合的发展理念，以期为我国新能源汽车发展提供战略参考和借鉴。

关键词：新能源汽车新思维发展理念

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新能源汽车电机驱动系统关键技术展望

丁荣军,刘侃

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第3期页码 56-60 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.03.018

摘要：

本文探讨了新能源汽车电机驱动系统的关键技术及发展趋势，包括驱动控制器中的功率半导体器件及封装、智能门极驱动、基于器件的系统集成设计，以及驱动电机中的扁铜线、多相永磁电机、永磁同步磁阻电机等关键技术。其中，着重介绍了当前车用电机驱动技术的发展趋势，并指出永磁同步电机在未来10 年内将依然是新能源汽车市场的主流驱动电机。同时，通过横向比较指出当前我国在驱动电机发展道路上所面临的关键问题，可以为我国未来新能源汽车技术发展提供一定参考。

关键词：新能源汽车电机驱动系统永磁同步电机

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加快我国新能源汽车动力电池回收利用的建议

赵世佳,徐楠,乔英俊,杨波

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第1期页码 144-148 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.01.021

摘要：

在国家政策引导和支持下，我国新能源汽车产业发展迅猛，预计到2020年新能源汽车保有量将超过500万辆。随之而来的新能源汽车动力电池回收利用问题成为行业内的重大议题。动力电池如不进行有效回收处理，将造成严重的环境污染及资源浪费。美、德、日等发达国家均已提前布局动力电池回收领域。本文对我国新能源汽车动力电池回收利用存在的问题开展深入分析，为我国加快动力电池发展提出具体的建议。

关键词：新能源汽车动力电池回收

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新能源汽车发展意义及技术路线研究

陈清泉,高金燕,何璇,沈斌

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第1期页码 68-73 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.01.010

摘要：

本文从能源、环境、信息、科技等方面，剖析了我国发展新能源汽车的重大意义。规划设计出到2050年我国新能源汽车发展的战略目标路线。同时，结合已有相关研究，分析探讨了未来新能源汽车发展的整车基本技术路线、动力电池基本技术路线以及驱动电机、系统构型等动力总成的基本技术路线。最后，针对新能源汽车产业技术攻关，提出组建国家级技术创新联盟的建议，以期为我国未来新能源汽车发展提供战略参考。

关键词：新能源汽车重大意义技术路线措施建议

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全气候新能源汽车关键技术及展望

王文伟,孙逢春

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第3期页码 47-55 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.03.020

摘要：

全气候新能源汽车是指能够适应包括高温、高湿和极寒等各种气候环境的新能源汽车，相对于目前高温高湿环境下较为成熟的隔热散热与防护技术，新能源汽车在超过–30 ℃的极寒环境下存在无法启动、续驶里程锐减、充电困难等问题，是国际社会公认的制约新能源汽车全气候应用的难题。本文分析研究了动力电池自加热技术、高效冷暖一体化热泵空调技术、新型整车隔热保温技术等全气候新能源汽车技术体系，并进行了整车集成开发及极寒环境试验，最后分析了全气候新能源汽车的技术发展趋势。本文所述的研究成果将通过在2022 年北京冬季奥林匹克运动会上率先进行示范应用，从而推动我国乃至国际新能源汽车的全气候应用。

关键词：全气候新能源汽车电池自加热热泵空调隔热保温

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Analysis on carbon emission reduction intensity of fuel cell vehicles from a life-cycle perspective

《能源前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0909-1

摘要： The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is rapidly developing in China for carbon reduction and neutrality. This paper evaluated the life-cycle cost and carbon emission of hydrogen energy via lots of field surveys, including hydrogen production and packing in chlor-alkali plants, transport by tube trailers, storage and refueling in hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs), and application for use in two different cities. It also conducted a comparative study for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The result indicates that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) has the best environmental performance but the highest energy cost. However, a sufficient hydrogen supply can significantly reduce the carbon intensity and FCV energy cost of the current system. The carbon emission for FCV application has the potential to decrease by 73.1% in City A and 43.8% in City B. It only takes 11.0%–20.1% of the BEV emission and 8.2%–9.8% of the ICEV emission. The cost of FCV driving can be reduced by 39.1% in City A. Further improvement can be obtained with an economical and “greener” hydrogen production pathway.

关键词： hydrogen energy life-cycle assessment (LCA) fuel cell vehicle carbon emission energy cost

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Role of local governments in fostering the development of an emerging industry: A market-oriented policy perspective

Jun JIN, Maureen McKELVEY, Ying DONG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第3期页码 447-458 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0104-6

摘要： This research investigates the role of local governments in stimulating an emerging industry and focuses on the specific growth of the new energy vehicle industry in Hangzhou, China. This research confirms that enabling firms to access emerging technology, acquire financial support, and touch customers and/or suppliers are critical to foster the emergence and development of industries. Moreover, the primary contribution of this study is to emphasize the support of the local government in the development of emerging industries on the perspective of the creation of a large-scale market demand. The creation of large-scale market demand may inspire actors to be proactive in responding to these incentives; thus, public and private actions may help increase the accessibility to technology, infrastructure, and finances. Hence, a market-oriented policy that incentivizes the creation and expansion of market demand among diverse public and private actors should be seen as the key issue for the emergence and growth of emerging industries. Policies should also be adopted promptly with the development of the market.

关键词： market demand local government new energy vehicles

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基于 4S 融合的新一代智能汽车创新发展战略研究

刘宗巍,宋昊坤,郝瀚,赵福全

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第3期页码 153-162 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.03.019

摘要：

基于智能汽车与智能交通、智慧城市、智慧能源融合（ 4S 融合）的新一代智能汽车，是可灵活移动的智能网联终端，可充分打通城市的人流、物流、能源流、信息流，战略价值远超传统汽车。本文旨在阐明基于 4S 融合的新一代智能汽车的重要价值，论证产业创新发展的技术路径，构建新型技术体系并完成关键技术分析。研究表明，基于 4S 融合的新一代智能汽车是对智能汽车在价值、功能、技术等方面的全面升级，我国应当选择车路协同的智能汽车技术路径，把握战略机遇、实现创新引领；基于 4S 融合的新一代智能汽车技术体系应促进汽车自动化水平与网联化水平同步进步，全面提升大数据、云计算、信息通信等共性基础技术以及车、路、云等核心关键技术。研究提出了顶层设计、产业融合、技术创新、落地应用等方面的措施建议，以期为我国智能汽车产业长远发展提供理论参考。

关键词：新一代智能汽车智能交通智慧城市智慧能源 4S 融合车路协同

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中国新一代运载火箭发展展望

李东,程堂明

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第11期页码 33-38

摘要：

长征系列运载火箭是中国独立自主研制的具有完全自主知识产权的高科技产品。长征火箭目前已形成了包括14种型号的火箭家族，可用于发射近地轨道、太阳同步轨道和地球同步转移轨道的多种卫星及载人飞船，也可以进行深空发射任务；火箭总体技术性能达到国际先进水平，并在国际商业卫星发射服务市场中占有一席之地。为满足未来航天技术发展的需求，将加快研制新一代无毒、无污染、高性能、低成本的运载火箭，增强进入空间的能力，同时促进国民经济建设，提高我国的综合国力。

关键词：航天长征运载火箭新一代运载火箭

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Automotive revolution and carbon neutrality

《能源前沿（英文）》页码 693-703 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0890-8

摘要： The automotive industry is in the midst of a groundbreaking revolution, driven by the imperative to achieve intelligent driving and carbon neutrality. A crucial aspect of this transformation is the transition to electric vehicles (EVs), which necessitates widespread changes throughout the entire automotive ecosystem. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities of this transition, including automotive electrification, intelligence-connected transportation system, and the potential for new technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells. Meanwhile, it discusses the key technologies and progress of the hydrogen energy industry chain in the upstream hydrogen production, midstream hydrogen storage and transportation, downstream hydrogen station construction and hydrogen fuel cells in turn. Finally, it proposes the directions for future layout, providing guidance for future development.

关键词： automotive revolution electric vehicles (EVs) hydrogen energy fuel cell

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Abating transport GHG emissions by hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: Chances for the developing world

Han HAO, Zhexuan MU, Zongwei LIU, Fuquan ZHAO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第3期页码 466-480 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0561-3

摘要：

Fuel cell vehicles, as the most promising clean vehicle technology for the future, represent the major chances for the developing world to avoid high-carbon lock-in in the transportation sector. In this paper, by taking China as an example, the unique advantages for China to deploy fuel cell vehicles are reviewed. Subsequently, this paper analyzes the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 19 fuel cell vehicle utilization pathways by using the life cycle assessment approach. The results show that with the current grid mix in China, hydrogen from water electrolysis has the highest GHG emissions, at 3.10 kgCO₂/km, while by-product hydrogen from the chlor-alkali industry has the lowest level, at 0.08 kgCO₂/km. Regarding hydrogen storage and transportation, a combination of gas-hydrogen road transportation and single compression in the refueling station has the lowest GHG emissions. Regarding vehicle operation, GHG emissions from indirect methanol fuel cell are proved to be lower than those from direct hydrogen fuel cells. It is recommended that although fuel cell vehicles are promising for the developing world in reducing GHG emissions, the vehicle technology and hydrogen production issues should be well addressed to ensure the life-cycle low-carbon performance.

关键词： hydrogen fuel cell vehicle life cycle assessment energy consumption greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions China

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我国新能源汽车“十二五”发展总结及“十三五”展望

抄佩佩,胡钦高,万鑫铭,钟志华

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第4期页码 61-68 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.04.010

摘要：

“十三五”是我国汽车产业结构调整、产能优化、转型升级的重要时期，为更好地支撑我国新能源汽车产业后续发展决策，促进产业健康快速发展，课题组充分研究国内新能源汽车产业发展历程，全面总结出我国“十二五”发展重大成果，系统分析了示范推广工程及技术创新工程对产业的影响及成效，并进一步开展了关键领域的技术成熟度、制造成熟度、市场成熟度等级评价。最后基于国内外最新发展动态及规律，对“十三五”期间产业发展趋势做出了预判。

关键词：新能源汽车产业总结典型案例成熟度评价形势预判